People do not have different morals and do not live by different moral codes, what is different is people’s views on when morality should be used when making decisions and who can violate morality without consequence. Morals don’t change, it’s the reason why the idea of right and wrong exist, so that there are concrete things that should or should not be done. For example if killing is wrong in the North, it is also wrong anywhere in the universe and the same goes for rape and stealing. Many people believe that different people have different morals because people recognize the fact that socio-paths exist, psycho-paths exist, serial killers exist, kidnappers exist, different cultures live life different ways and different countries have different laws and different penalties for breaking laws. All of these reasons make perfect sense why a person would believe morals are relative to the individual’s culture or society. The only reason it makes sense is because the system that is supposed to educate and enlighten people, the public and private school systems, fail to provide any solid insight on reality, knowledge, morals, ethics, critical thinking or philosophy.
Without a foundation in critical thinking, morals, ethics, and philosophy individuals are left to decide what is real about reality based on their life experiences and the opinions of others. Because of this many people will suspend their own morality, to enable them to do something they want at the moment. Many people will also allow certain people to get away with immoral acts because of the belief in moral relativity. For example people will not view their own government as immoral when it takes sales tax from purchases, property taxes from real estate purchases, and income tax from pay checks. The money taken in the form of taxes are never asked for, negotiated, or bargained, they are just taken. But without a clear view of morality and ethics, people will not view taxation as stealing even though the government did not ask if it could take out that tax money. But if this person’s company makes a mistake and does not pay them the correct amount, this individual would be upset and would view the company as immoral if they kept the money that was due to this employee.
But just because a person suspends their morality for a certain need or want does not mean they have different morals than someone else. An example of this suspension of morals would be an angry spouse finding out their significant other had been cheating so they punch their significant other. The punching of the significant other does not mean this person does not believe punching is wrong, but at that moment this person felt justified in their actions because of the wrong that was done to them by their significant other. The fact that this person chose to punish their significant other with a punch proves that this person values the moral code of keeping promises, specifically the promise not to cheat while in a relationship. Another example would be people that believe that authority figures such as parents, teachers, and the government can do things that are morally wrong that non authority figures are not allowed to do. So many people believe that certain people are above morality and can get away with doing immoral things without being considered immoral. So if the people in the government decided to bomb a city in another country because the government officials say they are a threat, many people will support the government’s reason for the bombing as just. If a person not in the government wanted to do the same thing, this person or persons would be considered a sadistic, animalistic, immoral monster. The reason many people believe that morals are relative to the individual and to that individuals culture and that governments don’t commit immoral acts is because of several reasons either they have not been introduced to the idea of universal morals, they reject the idea of objective morals, or they believe moral reletivism makes more sense than objective morals.
So how did I come to the conclusion that morals are universal?
A normal functioning human body has systems within it to help the human body survive. The normal functioning human body does not come into existence to end its existence. From conception the fetus does things to survive and the pregnant female body attempts to protect the fetus regardless of the intentions of the mother. The mother can do things to force the body to reject the baby, but even if this happens the normal functioning pregnant female body tries to nurture and ensure the survival of the fetus until it can’t. The fact that humans try to survive and has a body that wants to survive proves that humans want to survive and thus anything that attempts to end that survival is not a moral action.
The human body has an opening where food can enter, organs that process food, and an opening for waste to exist. The human body has openings for air, organs to process that air, and openings to get rid of harmful air. The body seems to be built to survive not to exterminate itself. My point in all of this is to refute the idea that killing could ever be natural and good because if killing were natural and right then life would naturally try to kill itself when life comes into existence, instead life tries to survive thus survival must be natural and good. If life tries to survive then the right thing to do is to ensure that life survives. To not let life survive is wrong because that’s what life does naturally, to interfere with someone’s attempt at survival is wrong because it interferes with life’s natural tendency to try to survive.
Humans need material things to survive so if someone steals from another human they are affecting the survival of that human. If a human attempts to kill another human they are also attempting to end the survival of another human, which is immoral.
Although I believe morals to be universal, I do believe that morals are relative to the existence of humans because humans have a brain that enables them to form multiple concepts and apply these multiple concepts to multiple situations, which allows humans to create the idea of morals. Human brains enable humans to create concepts that help to generalize and organize thoughts of the outside world and one’s self. Morals are a response to the fact that humans are living things that try to survive from conception and have the ability to ensure they don’t interfere with the survival of other humans. If a monkey, ape, wolf, lion or any animal does something like kill another animal or use aggression against another animal, their behaviors can only be looked at as moral or immoral by a being that has the ability to create the idea of morality, thus the animal can never for themselves create morals.
Do non-human animals have morals?
Here is an article about the differences in human cognition and animal cognition.
Recently, scientists have found that some animals think in ways that were once considered unique to humans: For example, some animals have episodic memory, or non-linguistic mathematical ability, or the capacity to navigate using landmarks. However, despite these apparent similarities, a cognitive gulf remains between humans and animals.
Hauser presents four distinguishing ingredients of human cognition, and shows how these capacities make human thought unique. These four novel components of human thought are the ability to combine and recombine different types of information and knowledge in order to gain new understanding; to apply the same “rule” or solution to one problem to a different and new situation; to create and easily understand symbolic representations of computation and sensory input; and to detach modes of thought from raw sensory and perceptual input.
Earlier scientists viewed the ability to use tools as a unique capacity of humans, but it has since been shown that many animals, such as chimpanzees, also use simple tools. Differences do arise, however, in how humans use tools as compared to other animals. While animal tools have one function, no other animals combine materials to create a tool with multiple functions. In fact, Hauser says, this ability to combine materials and thought processes is one of the key computations that distinguish human thought.
According to Hauser, animals have “laser beam” intelligence, in which a specific solution is used to solve a specific problem. But these solutions cannot be applied to new situations or to solve different kinds of problem. In contrast, humans have “floodlight” cognition, allowing us to use thought processes in new ways and to apply the solution of one problem to another situation. While animals can transfer across systems, this is only done in a limited way.
“For human beings, these key cognitive abilities may have opened up other avenues of evolution that other animals have not exploited, and this evolution of the brain is the foundation upon which cultural evolution has been built,” says Hauser. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080217102137.htm)
A moral code, ethical code, code of conduct, acceptable behavior, unacceptable behavior all depend on the being’s ability to formulate multiple abstract thoughts in their head, apply these abstractions to several different concepts, communicate their abstract thoughts, and understand the abstract thoughts of others. If this being does not have the ability to formulate multiple concepts in their head and apply these multiple concepts to multiple situations then this being will not have the ability to form the idea of a moral code or ethical code, because that requires the mixing and matching of several different ideas in an effort to come up with new ideas. With limited cognitive functions it would be next to impossible to create ideas of the outside world, ideas of self, analyze the ideas of the outside world, and analyze the relationship of self to the outside world and other beings. This is why there is no moral code within the groups of animals that are not human because they don’t have the ability to combine, disassemble and reassemble multiple concepts and apply them to multiple different situations. Non-human animals are left to do what they can to survive, humans can judge the behaviors of animals and say that the behavior of the animals is right or wrong, but the animals themselves don’t have that ability.
Any time a person does something immoral like stealing or killing they are in turn affecting the survival of that human. Without the existence of humans their would be no need to ensure the survival of humans because of course humans don’t exist. Animals that are not human don’t have the mental capacity to create the idea of morals and apply them to their lives and interactions with other animals and this is also true for living things that don’t have a brain or central nervous system. Non living things don’t need morals because they are not alive and are not fighting for survival.
So what about the idea that there are people that believe killing is moral……
If Hitler really believed the killing was good and not bad why did he have to convince and coerce people to do horrendous things to other people. Why did Hitler create a system where people were punished for not supporting him or his mission. If Hitler thought killing was good and not bad why didn’t he kill everyone around him, why did he single out Jewish people? If killing is good then why didn’t Hitler start ordering the killing of everyone around him?
If Hitler valued killing and did not think killing was wrong why did he arrest and kill the men that attempted to assassinate him? Shouldn’t he congratulate and thank his assassins for attempting to do something good, which is killing? The reason is because every living thing attempts to survive and killing would end that survival, thus Hitler wanted to survive so he wanted to ensure his assassins were punished to deter other from trying to kill him.
What about cultures do they really have different morals?
In Saudi Arabia a person could have a limb cut off for stealing or their life taken for murder. It would seem as if Saudi Arabia has different morals than the United States, but is this so? If Saudi Arabia does not think killing is wrong why would there be a punishment for killing? If Saudi Arabia did not think that stealing was wrong why would they punish someone for stealing? If Saudi Arabia did not think killing was wrong why would they punish someone for killing? See the trick being played on many people is that people don’t realize that when you give a group of people the authority to make and enforce laws, then its hard to see how these laws could create immoral acts. People believe that the government is doing the right thing thus its above morality or morality does not apply, but it does apply. No human should be allowed to kill another human and no human should be allowed to commit violence on another human.
But why is all of this important?
This is important because people act based on what they feel is appropriate at that moment. If a person believes something is right or moral they will be more likely to engage in this moral behavior and will be more likely to consent to the behavior of others either implicitly or explicitly. Thus if a person was raised in a household where spankings were normal, this person may believe that spanking are good and necessary part of child rearing.
A parent that spanks their child does not view the spanking as unneeded violence against a child. The parent believes the spanking is a necessary part of rearing children especially when the parent believes the child has done something horrendous. The parent believes they have the right to treat their parents they way they want since the parents are older and provide the necessities and wants of the child.
What about people that want to steal from people that make more money than them or break the items of people that make more money than them to bring attention to some type of cause. They do it because they have not recognized that stealing and purposefully damaging property is wrong. No matter what a person’s motive or intentions stealing and damaging someone else’s property is wrong.
This applies to governments too, no matter the good intentions of the government, if the government takes money out of people’s pay checks for tax revenue, takes business taxes, takes sales tax then its stealing money because no one was asked and thus no one consented. It does not matter that the people taking the money have good intentions, they still did not ask and did not get permission to take this money.
What if a person is broke and believes that entering in the military is the best thing for their life. The military promises an income and money for college, the income will help this person satisfy their basic needs and money for college will provide an opportunity to get some type of education that will help to improve the financial status of this person. But this person is only likely to take this job in the military if they believe what the military does is moral and ethical. If a person does not believe in objective morals they will believe that the military has the right to take human life and think
Let’s take the example of the local government deciding to build a park in a certain neighborhood. Most people will say that a having a park in a neighborhood is a good thing because it gives kids a safe place to play, it can give the inhabitants of the neighborhood a place to work out, it gives the inhabitants of the neighborhood a place to engage in recreational activities etc. No one will question how this park is funded or the validity of how its funded. Since the government is going to build it, the money to build the park comes from taxation. This means that the people that work and pay taxes in the vicinity of the park will fund the construction of the park whether they like the idea or not. Now the people that don’t believe objective morals exist will argue that taxes are just apart of living in America, or that taxes are our duty to pay, or taxes are a way to pay for our freedom in America. Some people have argued that the park will help to raise the property value of the homes in that neighborhood.
If a person knows that objective morals exist they will know that taking someone’s property (in this example the property taken is a person’s money) is wrong, no matter the reason given for taking the property. So if a government, religion, parent takes something from someone else it is wrong and these actions should not happen. Although the government may have good intentions for what they want to do, they first have to take people’s money via taxes to fund their operations.
It’s important for individuals to pay attention to the words they use and the reasons they use to justify their beliefs and behaviors. Individuals should strive to find the reality in their thoughts and ideas about life so that they are not easily deceived by the propaganda of others. Its important for individuals to understand the importance of morality so that they don’t mistakenly take freedoms away from those they know and those they don’t know. Without a good understanding of morality people will continue to view morality the same way the people they trust and choose to listen to for advice, view morality.
I hope this sparks a conversation within the minds of people that read this and I hope people research morality on their own and share with me what they find. Thanks for reading.
Tags: ethics, government, morals, philosophy, right, therodneysmith, wrong